ハプログループQ (Y染色体)

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テンプレート:Infobox haplogroup

ハプログループQ (Y染色体)（ハプログループQ (Yせんしょくたい)、英: Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA))とは分子人類学において人類の父系を示すY染色体ハプログループ（型集団）の分類で、「M242, P36.2, MEH2」のSNPの変異によって定義されるグループである。

概要

アメリカ先住民の Y 染色体ハプログループのほとんどはQ系統が占める。Q はイラン付近で17000-22000年前[1][2]または31,400年前[3]に発生したと考えられ、その後中央アジア、アルタイ山脈北辺を通り、北シベリアのステップでマンモスなど大型哺乳類を狩りながら移動し、アメリカ大陸に移住していったと思われる。Q のホームランドに近いアフガニスタンのパシュトゥーン人では Q*が16％観察され[4]、中央シベリアのケット人でQ系統が90%以上を占める[5]など、道中に足跡を残してはいるが、ユーラシア大陸では総じて低頻度である。しかしアメリカ大陸において大いに繁栄していた。アメリカ大陸ではその他 C2,R1 なども分布するが、かつてはQ系統が圧倒的であった。

日本人には1%以下のごく低頻度で観察されている[6]。

高頻度地域

下位系統

太字は高頻度で観察される集団。傾字は関連する語族。


Q (M242)

言語分布との関係

ハプログループQが高頻度であるのはアメリカ先住民諸語、古シベリア諸語、エニセイ語族の分布域である。これらの言語は抱合語で能格言語的特徴をもつ。すなわちハプログループQの集団は元来から抱合語、能格言語の言語を話していたことが推測できる。

テンプレート:Y-DNA

脚注

  1. ↑ Fagundes, Nelson J. R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C. S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva, Wilson A.; Zago, Marco A.; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos, Andrea K.; Santos, Sidney E. B.; Petzl-Erler, Maria Luiza; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026. Retrieved 2009-11-19. "Since the first studies, it has been found that extant Native American populations exhibit almost exclusively five "mtDNA haplogroups" (A–D and X)6 classified in the autochthonous haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a.7 Haplogroups A–D are found all over the New World and are frequent in Asia, supporting a northeastern Asian origin of these lineages"
  2. ↑ Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF (2003). "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.
  3. ↑ YFull-Experimental YTree v3.12
  4. ↑ Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLoS ONE 7 (3): e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
  5. ↑ Tambets, Kristiina et al. 2004, The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes
  6. ↑ Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
  7. ↑ Bortolini, Maria-Catira et al 2003, Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas
  8. ↑ Zegura, Stephen L. et al 2004, High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas
  9. ↑ Tambets, Kristiina et al. 2004, The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes
  10. ↑ Tambets, Kristiina et al. 2004, The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes
  11. ↑ Malyarchuk, Boris et al. 2011, Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 56, 583–588
  12. ↑ Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013) Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
  13. ↑ Karafet et al (2008)
  14. ↑ Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. (2012) Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events. PLoS ONE 7(3): e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288
  15. ↑ Grugni, Viola et al 2012, Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians PLoS ONE 7(7): e41252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252
  16. ↑ «Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo». Nature Publishing Group. 2010. pp. 463, 757–762. doi:10.1038/nature08835. Consultado el 11 de febrero de 2010.
  17. ↑ Malyarchuk, Boris et al 2011, Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Dulik, Matthew C.; A.C. Owings; J.B. Gaieski; M.G. Vilar; A. Andre; C. Lennie; M.A. Mackenzie; I. Kritsch; Sh. Snowsho; R. Wright; J. Martin; N. Gibson; Sh.D. Andrews; Th.G. Schur (2012) "Y-chromosome analysis reveals genetic divergence and new founding native lineages in Athapaskan- and Eskimoan-speaking populations"; PNAS 109 (22): 8471–8476.
  19. ↑ Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations, from the online supplementary material for the article by Bo Wen et al., "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture," Nature 431, 302-305 (16 September 2004)
  20. ↑ Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region, from the article by R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001)
  21. ↑ I. Nonaka, K. Minaguchi, and N. Takezaki, "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms," Annals of Human Genetics Volume 71 Issue 4, Pages 480 - 495 (July 2007).
  22. ↑ Khaled K Abu-Amero et al 2009, Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions
  23. ↑ Mirabal S, Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, et al (March 2009). "Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17 (10): 1260–73. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. PMID 19259129.
  24. ↑ Kazakstan DNA project
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Estes, Roberta 2010, New Native American Haplogroups
  26. ↑ Battaglia V, Grugni V, Perego UA, Angerhofer N, Gomez-Palmieri JE, et al. (2013) The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q PLoS ONE 8(8): e71390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071390
  27. ↑ Geppert, Maria et al 2010-11, Hierarchical Y-SNP assay to study the hidden diversity and phylogenetic relationship of native populations in South America
  28. ↑ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas," Maria-Catira Bortolini et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 73:524-539, 2003
  29. ↑ Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) rev. 2014
  30. ↑ eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_Q_Y-DNA
  31. ↑ YFull Experimental YTree v2.21 1000 Genomes Project © HGDP Project. (rev. julio 2014)
  32. ↑ Shen 2004 et al, Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260, 2004.
  33. ↑ Swarkar Sharma et al 2007, A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India.
  34. ↑ Hua Zhong 2010, Extended Y-chromosome investigation suggests post-Glacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route
  35. ↑ Ashina/A-Shih-Na/Asena Royalty (of Gokturks and Khazars) DNA
  36. ↑ Adams, S. M., Bosch, E., Balaresque, P. L., Ballereau, S. J., Lee, A. C., Arroyo, E., López-Parra, A. M., Aler, M., Grifo, M. S., Brion, M., Carracedo, A., Lavinha, J., Martínez-Jarreta, B., Quintana-Murci, L., Picornell, A., Ramon, M., Skorecki, K., Behar, D. M., Calafell, F., and Jobling, M. A. (2008). The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet, 83(6):725-736.


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